NAME MooseX::Extended - Extend Moose with safe defaults and useful features VERSION version 0.21 SYNOPSIS package My::Names { use MooseX::Extended types => [qw(compile Num NonEmptyStr Str PositiveInt ArrayRef)]; use List::Util 'sum'; # the distinction between `param` and `field` makes it easier to # see which are available to `new` param _name => ( isa => NonEmptyStr, init_arg => 'name' ); param title => ( isa => Str, required => 0 ); # forbidden in the constructor field created => ( isa => PositiveInt, default => sub {time} ); sub name ($self) { my $title = $self->title; my $name = $self->_name; return $title ? "$title $name" : $name; } sub add ( $self, $args ) { state $check = compile( ArrayRef [ Num, 1 ] ); # at least one number ($args) = $check->($args); return sum( $args->@* ); } sub warnit ($self) { carp("this is a warning"); } } DESCRIPTION This module is BETA code. It's feature-complete for release and has no known bugs. This class attempts to create a safer version of Moose that defaults to read-only attributes and is easier to read and write. It tries to bring some of the lessons learned from the Corinna project , while acknowledging that you can't always get what you want (such as true encapsulation and true methods). This: package My::Class { use MooseX::Extended; ... your code here } Is sort of the equivalent to: package My::Class { use v5.20.0; use Moose; use MooseX::StrictConstructor; use feature qw( signatures postderef postderef_qq); no warnings qw( experimental::signatures experimental::postderef ); use namespace::autoclean; use Carp; use mro 'c3'; ... your code here __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable; } 1; It also exports two functions which are similar to Moose "has": "param" and "field". A "param" is a required parameter (defaults may be used). A "field" is not allowed to be passed to the constructor. Note that the "has" function is still available, even if it's not needed. Also, while your author likes the postfix block syntax, it's not required. You can even safely inline multiple packages in the same file: package My::Point; use MooseX::Extended types => [qw/Num/]; param [ 'x', 'y' ] => ( isa => Num ); package My::Point::Mutable; use MooseX::Extended; extends 'My::Point'; param [ '+x', '+y' ] => ( writer => 1, clearer => 1, default => 0 ); sub invert ($self) { my ( $x, $y ) = ( $self->x, $self->y ); $self->set_x($y); $self->set_y($x); } # MooseX::Extended will cause this to return true, even if we try to return # false 0; CONFIGURATION You may pass an import list to MooseX::Extended. use MooseX::Extended excludes => [qw/StrictConstructor carp/], # I don't want these features types => [qw/compile PositiveInt HashRef/]; # I want these type tools "types" Allows you to import any types provided by MooseX::Extended::Types. This: use MooseX::Extended::Role types => [qw/compile PositiveInt HashRef/]; Is identical to this: use MooseX::Extended::Role; use MooseX::Extended::Types qw( compile PositiveInt HashRef ); "excludes" You may find some features to be annoying, or even cause potential bugs (e.g., if you have a "croak" method, our importing of "Carp::croak" will be a problem. You can exclude the following: * "StrictConstructor" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['StrictConstructor']; Excluding this will no longer import "MooseX::StrictConstructor". * "autoclean" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['autoclean']; Excluding this will no longer import "namespace::autoclean". * "c3" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['c3']; Excluding this will no longer apply the C3 mro. * "carp" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['carp']; Excluding this will no longer import "Carp::croak" and "Carp::carp". * "immutable" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['immutable']; Excluding this will no longer make your class immutable. * "true" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['true']; Excluding this will require your module to end in a true value. * "param" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['param']; Excluding this will make the "param" function unavailable. * "field" use MooseX::Extended::Role excludes => ['field']; Excluding this will make the "field" function unavailable. "includes" Some experimental features are useful, but might not be quite what you want. By default, MooseX::Extended tries to be relatively conservative. However, you might want to turn it up to 11. There are optional, EXPERIMENTAL features you can use for this. They're turned by the "includes" flag. * "multi" use MooseX::Extended includes => [qw/multi/]; multi sub foo ($self, $x) { ... } multi sub foo ($self, $x, $y ) { ... } Allows you to redeclare a method (or subroutine) and the dispatch will use the number of arguments to determine which subroutine to use. Note that "slurpy" arguments such as arrays or hashes will take precedence over scalars: multi sub foo ($self, @x) { ... } multi sub foo ($self, $x) { ... } # will never be called It's quite possible to define multi subs that are ambiguous: package Foo { use MooseX::Extended includes => [qw/multi/]; multi sub foo ($self, @bar) { return '@bar' } multi sub foo ($self, $bar) { return '$bar' } } say +Foo->new->foo(1); say +Foo->new->foo(1,2,3); Both of the above will print the string @bar. The second definition of "foo" is effectively lost. Only available on Perl v5.26.0 or higher. Requires Syntax::Keyword::MultiSub. * "async" package My::Thing { use MooseX::Extended types => [qw/Str/], includes => ['async']; use IO::Async::Loop; field output => ( is => 'rw', isa => Str, default => '' ); async sub doit ( $self, @list ) { my $loop = IO::Async::Loop->new; $self->output('> '); foreach my $item (@list) { await $loop->delay_future( after => 0.01 ); $self->output( $self->output . "$item " ); } } } Allows you to write asynchronous code with "async" and "await". Only available on Perl v5.26.0 or higher. Requires Future::AsyncAwait. REDUCING BOILERPLATE Let's say you've settled on the following feature set: use MooseX::Extended excludes => [qw/StrictConstructor carp/], includes => [qw/multi/]; And you keep typing that over and over. We've removed a lot of boilerplate, but we've added different boilerplate. Instead, just create "My::Custom::Moose" and "use My::Custom::Moose;". See MooseX::Extended::Custom for details. IMMUTABILITY Making Your Class Immutable You no longer need to end your Moose classes with: __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable; That prevents further changes to the class and provides some optimizations to make the code run much faster. However, it's somewhat annoying to type. We do this for you, via B::Hooks::AtRuntime. You no longer need to do this yourself. Making Your Instance Immutable By default, attributes defined via "param" and "field" are read-only. However, if they contain a reference, you can fetch the reference, mutate it, and now everyone with a copy of that reference has mutated state. To handle that, we offer a new "clone => $clone_type" pair for attributes. See the MooseX::Extended::Manual::Cloning documentation. OBJECT CONSTRUCTION Objection construction for MooseX::Extended is like Moose, so no changes are needed. However, in addition to "has", we also provide "param" and "field" attributes, both of which are "is => 'ro'" by default. The "param" is *required*, whether by passing it to the constructor, or using "default" or "builder". The "field" is *forbidden* in the constructor and lazy by default. Here's a short example: package Class::Name { use MooseX::Extended types => [qw(compile Num NonEmptyStr Str)]; # these default to 'ro' (but you can override that) and are required param _name => ( isa => NonEmptyStr, init_arg => 'name' ); param title => ( isa => Str, required => 0 ); # fields must never be passed to the constructor # note that ->title and ->name are guaranteed to be set before # this because fields are lazy by default field name => ( isa => NonEmptyStr, default => sub ($self) { my $title = $self->title; my $name = $self->_name; return $title ? "$title $name" : $name; }, ); } See MooseX::Extended::Manual::Construction for a full explanation. ATTRIBUTE SHORTCUTS When using "field" or "param", we have some attribute shortcuts: param name => ( isa => NonEmptyStr, writer => 1, # set_name reader => 1, # get_name predicate => 1, # has_name clearer => 1, # clear_name builder => 1, # _build_name ); sub _build_name ($self) { ... } See MooseX::Extended::Manual::Shortcuts for a full explanation. INVALID ATTRIBUTE DEFINITIONS The following Moose code will print "WhoAmI". However, the second attribute name is clearly invalid. package Some::Class { use Moose; has name => ( is => 'ro' ); has '-bad' => ( is => 'ro' ); } my $object = Some::Class->new( name => 'WhoAmI' ); say $object->name; "MooseX::Extended" will throw a Moose::Exception::InvalidAttributeDefinition exception if it encounters an illegal method name for an attribute. This also applies to various attributes which allow method names, such as "clone", "builder", "clearer", "writer", "reader", and "predicate". Trying to pass a defined "init_arg" to "field" will also this exception. DEBUGGER SUPPORT When running MooseX::Extended under the debugger, there are some behavioral differences you should be aware of. * Your classes won't be immutable Ordinarily, we call "__PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable" for you. This relies on B::Hooks::AtRuntime's "after_runtime" function. However, that runs too late under the debugger and dies. Thus, we disable this feature under the debugger. Your classes may run a bit slower, but hey, it's the debugger! * "namespace::autoclean" will frustrate you It's very frustrating when running under the debugger and doing this: 13==> my $total = sum(3,4,5); DB<4> Undefined subroutine &main::sum called at (eval 423) ... We had removed "namespace::autoclean" when running under the debugger, but backed that out: . MANUAL * MooseX::Extended::Manual::Overview * MooseX::Extended::Manual::Construction * MooseX::Extended::Manual::Shortcuts * MooseX::Extended::Manual::Cloning RELATED MODULES * MooseX::Extended::Types is included in the distribution. This provides core types for you. * MooseX::Extended::Role is included in the distribution. "MooseX::Extended", but for roles. TODO Some of this may just be wishful thinking. Some of this would be interesting if others would like to collaborate. Configurable Types We provide "MooseX::Extended::Types" for convenience, along with the "declare" function. We should write up (and test) examples of extending it. "BEGIN::Lift" This idea maybe belongs in "MooseX::Extended::OverKill", but ... Quite often you see things like this: BEGIN { extends 'Some::Parent' } Or this: sub serial_number; # required by a role, must be compile-time has serial_number => ( ... ); In fact, there are a variety of Moose functions which would work better if they ran at compile-time instead of runtime, making them look a touch more like native functions. My various attempts at solving this have failed, but I confess I didn't try too hard. NOTES There are a few things you might be interested to know about this module when evaluating it. Most of this is written with bog-standard Moose, so there's nothing terribly weird inside, but you may wish to note that we use B::Hooks::AtRuntime and true. They seem sane, but *caveat emptor*. This module was originally released on github as "MooseX::Extreme", but enough people pointed out that it was not extreme at all. That's why the repository is . SEE ALSO * Corinna The RFC of the new version of OOP planned for the Perl core. * MooseX::Modern MooseX::Modern - Precision classes for Modern Perl * Zydeco Zydeco - Jazz up your Perl * Dios Dios - Declarative Inside-Out Syntax AUTHOR Curtis "Ovid" Poe COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is Copyright (c) 2022 by Curtis "Ovid" Poe. This is free software, licensed under: The Artistic License 2.0 (GPL Compatible)